Rights to carbon and payments for services rendered under REDD+: Options for the case of Mexico     

Margaret Skutsch  Cecilia Simon  Alejandro Velazquez  José Carlos Fernández 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(4):813-825

Mexico is relatively advanced in its preparation for international policy on Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) and has many of the pre-conditions needed to support a community approach in the implementation of a national REDD+ programme, particularly as regards tenure of forests and experience with community forest management and PES schemes, although these conditions do not pertain everywhere. One critical issue that is yet to be resolved concerns rights to carbon credits and distribution of the financial benefits flowing from REDD+. We demonstrate that attribution of carbon credits from reduced deforestation and degradation at the community level is virtually impossible from a technical viewpoint, since these credits are counterfactual. Payments based on assessment of performance of each community in terms of such reductions would moreover be inequitable and inefficient. Flat rate payments in return for agreed improvements in management are likely to be more motivating and much easier to administer. However, increases in carbon stock (forest enhancement) can be physically measured on site, and could be more easily attributed to each individual community. We therefore propose a system in which reduced deforestation and degradation are considered environmental services, with credits accruing to national government. The financial value of the credits may be used to finance flat rate payments to communities who agree to implement improved management. On the other hand, credits for forest enhancement, which reflect measurable increases in carbon in the communities’ trees, would be considered environmental goods. These should be considered the direct property of the owners of the forest (in the same sense as wood or poles) and it would be possible for communities to sell these credits themselves. We acknowledge however that many other problems face implementation of REDD+ in Mexico, and provide a number of important examples.  相似文献   

The Effects of Quality Control on Decreasing Error Propagation in the LandScan USA Population Distribution Model: A Case Study of Philadelphia County     

Lauren Patterson  Marie Urban  Aaron Myers  Budhendra Bhaduri  Eddie Bright  Phillip Coleman 《Transactions in GIS》2009,13(2):215-228

LandScan USA is a 90 m population distribution model that is used for a variety of applications, including emergency management. Models should have a measure of accuracy; however, the accuracy of population distribution models is difficult to determine due to the inclusion of multiple input datasets and the lack of quantifiable, observable (validated) data to confirm model output. Validated data enables quantification of: (1) overall model accuracy and (2) changes in model output at different levels of quality control. This article examines the effect of quality control for two national school datasets incorporated as input in LandScan USA for Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania; which had a local, validated school dataset available. The effect of each stage of quality control efforts utilized throughout the LandScan USA process were assessed to determine what level of quality control was required to have a statistically significant change of the model's population distribution. The typical level of quality control for LandScan USA resulted in 36% of schools being moved to the correct location and 20% of missing student enrollments were found, compared to 87% and 98% respectively for the validated dataset. The costs of increasing quality control resulted in a six-fold increase in labor time; however, the additional quality control did not produce statistically significant improvements in the LandScan USA model. Thus, typical quality control efforts for schools in LandScan USA produced a population distribution similar to the validated level of quality control, and can be applied with confidence for policy, planning, and emergency situations.  相似文献   

国土规划的理论开拓：关于地域结构的研究   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

魏心镇  林亚真 《地理学报》1989,44(3):262-271

地域结构是指某一区域范围之内自然、生态、经济、社会等结构的空间总合。地域结构可分解为若干子系统。国土规划都是以一定的区域单元进行的，所以要注意研究地域结构特征及其演化机制，地域结构的开放性及其形成发展的阶段性与合理性。通过地域内各种结构的对应变换关系及其基本特点的研究，可以为国土规划的宏观布局调整、确定规划区域经济规模与发展方向、拟定符合经济运行机制的产业结构和城镇体系等提供科学依据。  相似文献   

关于找富铀矿的几个问题     

王学曾 《铀矿地质》1987,(1)

本文根据中南地区富铀矿与矿化类型、矿床构造、构造破碎程度和主岩成分等的内在联系,提出活化作用是形成富铀矿的一个重要条件,富铀矿多赋存在不同大地构造的交汇部位和强烈的蚀变区内。此外,合理计算矿床的平均品位,单独圈定富矿地段,也是提高矿石品级的一个技术措施。  相似文献   

Distribution of Fe2+ and Fe3+ and next-nearest neighbour effects in natural chromites: comparison between results of QSD and Lorentzian doublet analysis     

Z. Li  J. Y. Ping  M. Z. Jin  M. L. Liu 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2002,29(7):485-494

The Mössbauer spectra of one chromite at 298 K and one chromite at 298, 200, 170, 140 and 90 K have been analyzed in this study. A Voigt-based quadrupole splitting distribution (QSD) method was used to analyze the spectra. The tetrahedral site Fe²⁺ and the octahedral site Fe³⁺ quadrupole splitting distributions (QSDs) were obtained from the Mössbauer spectra of chromites, and the multiple tetrahedral site Fe²⁺ Gaussian QSD components and the large widths σ _Δ of the Gaussian QSD components of the tetrahedral site Fe²⁺ QSDs for chromites were attributed to next-nearest neighbor effects. In addition, temperature dependences of the isomer shift and the quadrupole splitting were presented and discussed. Comparisons between the Mössbauer parameters for thickness-corrected folded spectra and raw-folded spectra of chromites were made, and the results show that the two sets of the Mössbauer parameters and ratios of ferric to total iron as well as χ² are very close to each other. This is because of the small absorber thickness of chromites in this study. Comparisons between the Mössbauer parameters of chromites obtained using the Voigt-based QSD method and a Lorentzian doublet method were also made. The results show that there are some differences between the two sets of the Mössbauer parameters and ratios of ferric to total iron, but not significant. However, much larger χ² were obtained when the Lorentzian doublet method was used to fit the spectra of chromites. This indicates that the Voigt-based QSD method is more adequate to analyze the Mössbauer spectra of chromites from the point of view of statistics.  相似文献   

吉林省大气降水氢氧同位素浓度场时空展布及其环境效应   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

王凤生 《吉林地质》1997,16(1):51-56

本文详细阐述了吉林省大气降水氢氧稳定同位素（Ｄ，＾１８Ｏ）和放射性同位素氚的浓度场时空展布规律，建立了氢氧同位素的环境效应性模型并论述其水文地质意义，为地下水起源及运移研究提供了新的研究方法与手段。  相似文献   

快速城市化地区景观组分在地形梯度上的分布特征研究   总被引：65，自引：5，他引：65  

喻红  曾辉  江子瀛 《地理科学》2001,21(1):64-69

采用地形位指数综合描述深圳市龙华地区的地形差异，并在此基础上，利用无量纲的分布指数对景观组分的空间分布特征进行了半定量分析，结果表明，地形位指数可以综合地反映地形条件的空间分布和差异信息，分布指数用于描述某各组分的实际分布与标准分布的差异，可以排险面积的干扰，为各种经较分析创造了条件，研究时段内龙华地区景观组分在地形位梯度上整体分布格局的复杂性显著增加，人为景观改造活动主要表现为一种中尺度土地利用结构调整行为，并有助于对不同地形条件下的土地利用进行加严格的分工，地形差异则是大尺度景观整体格局形成的基本骨架。  相似文献   

论四川盆地海相三叠系气田地层水水动力驱动条件及对水资源分布的控制   总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

林耀庭  李承军 《盐湖研究》2002,10(3):5-12

四川盆地海相三叠系嘉陵江组—雷口坡组 (T1 j-T2 L)气田地层水按其构造开启程度、埋藏深度及水化学特征的不同 ,可划分出沉积变质水和渗入淋滤水两种基本成因类型 ,分属两种性质迥然不同的水动力系统 ,各自依据地静压力和静水压力由高压区向低压区驱动的水动力条件 ,控制了盆地海相三叠系气田地层水资源及气藏的保存和分布。  相似文献   

广东省高等学校布局及其体系优化研究     

肖玲 《热带地理》2002,22(3):227-230

广东省高等学校经过连年扩张后呈现出新布局特点；首位度较大，有影响的大学数量少，总体布局过度集中在少数城市，高校体系松散低效，这种布局现状造成；老校与新校资源供求不平衡，好区位高校和校本部与偏远高校和异地校区资源供求不平衡。虚拟高校发展滞后，对此必须按照高等教育发展规律。高等学校区位规律，企业扩张规律和虚拟高校发展规律。结合广东的实际省情对高校的布局和体系进行优化，使广东的高等教育可持续发展。  相似文献   

一种大气订正的方法：BRDF──大气订正环     

胡宝新  李小文  朱重光 《遥感学报》1996,(2)

本文介绍了一种大气订正的新方法：ＢＲＤＦ──大气订正环，这种方法首先在假设地面是朗伯体的条件下进行大气订正，通过一系列在不同成象几何条件下观测值的订正结果，在ＢＲＤＦ模型库中寻找一种最能描述这些数据的模型，最后根据反演的模型参数进行基于ＢＲＤＦ的大气订正。我们设计了一系列实验，证明了这种方法的有效性和可行性。  相似文献